Multilevel Inverter Device and Method

ABSTRACT

A system comprises a five-level rectifier configured to be connected with an ac power source, wherein the five-level rectifier comprises a first boost apparatus and a first buck apparatus configured to operate in a first half cycle of the ac power source, and a second boost apparatus and a second buck apparatus configured to operate in a second half cycle of the ac power source and a five-level inverter connected to the five-level rectifier.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/222,170, filed on Jul. 28, 2016, entitled “Multilevel Inverter Deviceand Method”, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/468,130, filed on May 10, 2012, entitled “Multilevel Inverter Deviceand Method”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,413,268, each application isincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a multilevel inverter device andmethod, and, in particular embodiments, to a five-level inverter deviceand method for solar applications.

BACKGROUND

Renewable energy sources include solar energy, wind power, tidal waveenergy and the like. A solar power conversion system may include aplurality of solar panels connected in series or in parallel. The outputof the solar panels may generate a variable dc voltage depending on avariety of factors such as time of day, location and sun trackingability. In order to regulate the output of the solar panels, the outputof the solar panels may be coupled to a dc/dc converter so as to achievea regulated output voltage at the output of the dc/dc converter. Inaddition, the solar panels may be connected with a backup battery systemthrough a battery charge control apparatus. During the day, the backupbattery is charged through the output of the solar panels. When thepower utility fails or the solar panels are an off-grid power system,the backup battery provides electricity to the loads coupled to thesolar panels.

Since the majority of applications may be designed to run on 120 voltsac power, a solar inverter is employed to convert the variable dc outputof the photovoltaic modules to a 120 volts ac power source. A pluralityof multilevel inverter topologies may be employed to achieve high poweras well as high efficiency conversion from solar energy to utilityelectricity. In particular, a high power ac output can be achieved byusing a series of power semiconductor switches to convert a plurality oflow voltage dc sources to a high power ac output by synthesizing astaircase voltage waveform.

In accordance with the topology difference, multilevel inverters may bedivided into three categories, namely diode clamped multilevelinverters, flying capacitor multilevel inverters and cascaded H-bridgemultilevel inverters. Furthermore, multilevel inverters may employdifferent pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques such as sinusoidal PWM(SPWM), selective harmonic elimination PWM, space vector modulation andthe like. Multilevel inverters are a common power topology for high andmedium power applications such as utility interface for renewable powersources, flexible ac transmission systems, medium voltage motor drivesystems and the like.

The diode clamped multilevel inverter is commonly referred to as athree-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. A three-level NPCinverter requires two series connected capacitors coupled between theinput dc buses. Each capacitor is charged to an equal potential.Furthermore, the three-level NPC inverter may comprise four switchingelements and two clamping diodes. The clamping diodes help to reduce thevoltage stress on the switching element to one capacitor voltage level.

An NPC inverter utilizes a staircase waveform to generate an ac output.Such a staircase waveform resembles a desired sinusoidal waveform. As aresult, the output voltage of the NPC inverter may be of a low totalharmonic distortion (THD). In addition, the staircase waveform mayreduce the voltage stresses. As a result, the electromagneticcompatibility (EMC) performance of the NPC inverter may be improved. Inaddition, to achieve the same THD, the NPC inverter may operate at alower switching frequency. Such a lower switching helps to reduceswitching losses so as to achieve an efficient power conversion system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other problems are generally solved or circumvented, andtechnical advantages are generally achieved, by preferred embodiments ofthe present invention which provide an apparatus of multilevel invertersin solar applications.

In accordance with an embodiment, a system comprises a five-levelrectifier configured to be connected with an alternating current (ac)power source, wherein the five-level rectifier comprises a first boostapparatus and a first buck apparatus configured to operate in a firsthalf cycle of the ac power source, and a second boost apparatus and asecond buck apparatus configured to operate in a second half cycle ofthe ac power source and a five-level inverter connected to thefive-level rectifier.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a system comprises afive-level rectifier comprising a first buck apparatus between an acpower source and a first output capacitor, a second buck apparatusbetween the ac power source and a second output capacitor, a first boostapparatus between the ac power source and a third output capacitor and asecond boost apparatus between the ac power source and a fourth outputcapacitor.

The system further comprises a five-level inverter connected to thefive-level rectifier, wherein the five-level inverter comprises a firstinverter switch and a second inverter switch connected in series betweenthe third output capacitor and an input of an L-C filter, a thirdinverter switch and a fourth inverter switch connected in series betweenthe fourth output capacitor and the input of the L-C filter, a fifthinverter switch connected between the first output capacitor, and acommon node of the first inverter switch and the second inverter switch,a sixth inverter switch connected between the second output capacitor,and a common node of the third inverter switch and the fourth inverterswitch and an inverter isolation switch connected between the input ofthe L-C filter and ground.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a method comprisesconfiguring a power system to convert a sinusoidal waveform into afive-level voltage waveform, wherein the power system comprises afive-level rectifier and a five-level inverter and an L-C filterconnected in cascade, during a first half cycle of the sinusoidalwaveform, generating a first voltage by a first buck apparatus of thefive-level rectifier and a second voltage by a first boost apparatus ofthe five-level rectifier, during a second half cycle of the sinusoidalwaveform, generating a third voltage by a second buck apparatus of thefive-level rectifier and a fourth voltage by a second boost apparatus ofthe five-level rectifier, during a first time period of the first halfcycle, switching a voltage at an input of the L-C filter back and forthbetween the first voltage and ground, during a second time period of thefirst half cycle, switching the voltage at the input of the L-C filterback and forth between the second voltage and ground and during a thirdtime period of the first half cycle, switching the voltage at the inputof the L-C filter back and forth between the first voltage and ground,wherein the first time period, the second time period and the third timeperiod form the first half cycle.

An advantage of an embodiment of the present invention is generating astaircase waveform using a multilevel inverter. Such a staircasewaveform helps to reduce the THD as well as voltage stresses of a solarinverter so as to improve the efficiency, reliability and cost of thesolar inverter.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technicaladvantages of the present invention in order that the detaileddescription of the invention that follows may be better understood.Additional features and advantages of the invention will be describedhereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. Itshould be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conceptionand specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis formodifying or designing other structures or processes for carrying outthe same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realizedby those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do notdepart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in theappended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and theadvantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptionstaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of a multilevel inverter system inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of a multilevel inverter system inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram of a five-level inverter system inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 2B illustrates a block diagram of a five-level inverter system inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a five-level inverter system inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 4A illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 2A in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 4B illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 2A in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 5A illustrates a timing diagram of various signals in thefive-level inverter shown in FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5B illustrates another timing diagram of various signals in thefive-level inverter shown in FIG. 4A

FIG. 6A illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 6B illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 3 in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates a timing diagram of various signals in the five-levelinverter shown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level rectifier inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an uninterruptible power supply(UPS) system in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic diagram of the UPS system shown in FIG.9 in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 11A illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 11B illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 11C illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 11D illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 11E illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 11F illustrates a schematic diagram of the output filter shown inFIG. 11B in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic diagram of an N-level inverter inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 17 illustrates a schematic diagram of a nine-level inverter inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 18 illustrates a schematic diagram of a seven-level inverter inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 19 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 20A illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 20B illustrates a timing diagram of the multilevel inverter shownin FIG. 20A when the multilevel inverter operates in a reactive powerprocess;

FIG. 21 illustrates a plurality of output choke implementations;

FIG. 22 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 23 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 24 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 25 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment; and

FIG. 26A, FIG. 26B and FIG. 26C illustrate a schematic diagram of athree phase multilevel inverter in accordance with an embodiment.

Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generallyrefer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures aredrawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the variousembodiments and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The making and using of the presently preferred embodiments arediscussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that thepresent invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that canbe embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specificembodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to makeand use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.

The present invention will be described with respect to preferredembodiments in a specific context, namely a five-level inverter. Theinvention may also be applied, however, to a variety of power convertersincluding multilevel rectifiers, multilevel inverters, multilevelac-to-ac converters and the like. Furthermore, the invention may also beapplied to a variety of three-phase multilevel inverters.

Referring initially to FIG. 1A, a block diagram of a multilevel invertersystem is illustrated in accordance with an embodiment. The multilevelinverter system 100 comprises a first input dc source 110 having anoutput voltage V₁, a second input dc source 120 having an output voltage−V₁, a first boost apparatus 102 having an output voltage V₂, a secondboost apparatus 106 having an output voltage −V₂ and a freewheelingapparatus 104. The first boost apparatus 102 and the second boostapparatus 106 are coupled to the first input dc source 110 and thesecond input dc source 120 respectively. In addition, the first boostapparatus 102 and the second boost apparatus 106 convert the outputvoltages of the first input dc source 110 and the second input dc source120 to V₂ and −V₂ respectively.

The multilevel inverter system 100 may further comprise an output filter108, a load 118 and a plurality of switches 112, 122, 124, 116, 132 and134. In accordance with an embodiment, the switches (e.g., switch 122)may be an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device.Alternatively, the switching element can be any controllable switchessuch as metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)devices, integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) devices, gateturn-off thyristor (GTO) devices, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)devices, junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET) devices, MOScontrolled thyristor (MCT) devices and the like.

Each switch is configured such that a staircase waveform is generated atthe input of a filter 108 by using different combinations of theswitches. In particular, when both the switches 112 and 122 are turnedon, the output voltage V₀ is coupled to the output of the first boostapparatus 102. As a result, the output voltage V₀ has a voltagepotential of V₂. In contrast, when the switching element 112 is turnedoff, the output voltage is of a voltage potential of Vi through thefreewheeling apparatus 104. The detailed operation of the multilevelinverter 100 will be described below with respect to FIGS. 2-7.

The boost apparatus 102 and the boost apparatus 106 may be implementedby using step up circuits such as boost dc/dc converters. A boost dc/dcconverter is formed by an input inductor, a low side switch and ablocking diode. The detailed configuration of the boost dc/dc converterwill be described below with respect to FIGS. 4 and 6. It should benoted that boost dc/dc converters are merely an example to implement thefirst boost apparatus 102 and the second boost apparatus 106. Otherboost topologies are also within the contemplated scope of theinvention. A boost dc/dc converter is simply one manner of generating ahigher voltage from the input dc source (e.g., V₁) and that other andalternate embodiment boost topologies could be employed (such asemploying a switched capacitor voltage doubler) and that other circuits,(e.g., a charge pump voltage doubler, etc.) could be employed for thisfunction.

It should further be noted that while FIG. 1A illustrates the multilevelinverter system 100 with two boost apparatuses (e.g., the first boostapparatus 102 and the second boost apparatus 106), the multilevelinverter system 100 could accommodate any number of boost apparatuses.The number of boost apparatuses illustrated herein is limited solely forthe purpose of clearly illustrating the inventive aspects of the variousembodiments. The present invention is not limited to any specific numberof boost apparatuses. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognizemany variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example,additional boost apparatuses may be employed to achieve an outputstaircase waveform having additional voltage levels.

In sum, FIG. 1A illustrates a method of operating a five-level invertercomprising generating a first voltage higher than an input positive dcbus by using a first boost apparatus, generating a second voltage lowerthan an input negative dc bus by using a second boost apparatus, forminga five level input voltage source using the first voltage, the inputpositive dc bus, ground, the input negative dc bus and the secondvoltage and configuring a plurality of switches to generate an acwaveform, wherein the plurality of switches are coupled to the fivelevel input voltage source.

The method further comprises generating the first voltage using a firstboost dc/dc converter and generating the second voltage using a secondboost dc/dc converter. In addition, the method comprises connecting afirst switch between an input of an L-C filter and the first boostapparatus, connecting a second switch between the input of the L-Cfilter and the second boost apparatus, connecting a third switch betweenthe input positive dc bus and the first switch, connecting a fourthswitch between the input negative dc bus and the second switch andconnecting an isolation switch between the input of the L-C filter andground.

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of a multilevel inverter system inaccordance with another embodiment. The block diagram of FIG. 1B issimilar to the block diagram of FIG. 1A except that a single input powersource is employed to provide power for the multilevel inverter system.The detailed description of the multilevel inverter system has beendiscussed above with respect to FIG. 1A, and hence is not discussedherein to avoid unnecessary repetition.

FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram of a five-level inverter system inaccordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2A, the freewheelingapparatus 104 may comprises a first freewheeling diode 202, a firstfreewheeling switch 204 and a second freewheeling diode 206. Thefive-level inverter 200 further comprises a first boost apparatus 102generating an output voltage V₂ higher than the input voltage V₁ fromthe input dc source 110. Moreover, a second boost apparatus 106 isemployed to generate a negative voltage −V₂.

It should be noted that while FIG. 2A illustrates the switch 132 and thefirst freewheeling diode 202 are two separate devices. One skilled inthe art will recognize that there may be many variations, alternatives,and modifications. For example, when the switch 132 is a MOSFET device,the body diode of the MOSFET device 132 can be used to replace the firstfreewheeling diode 202. Alternatively, a controllable switching elementcan be used to replace the first freewheeling diode 202 by emulatingdiode operation.

FIG. 2A further includes the output waveform of the five-level inverter200 to illustrate the operation of the five-level inverter 200. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that the output voltage is symmetricalat the 180° axis. In other words, the waveform of the second half cycleis merely inverted from that of the first half cycle with the samespacing. For simplicity, only the first half cycle of the output voltageV₀ is illustrated in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2A,the first half cycle of the output voltage is a staircase waveformcomprising three voltage potentials 0, V₁ and V₂. Moreover, in the firsthalf cycle, the output voltage Vo is symmetrical about the 90° axis.

In accordance with an embodiment, the first boost apparatus 102generates an output voltage V₂ higher than the input voltage V₁ from thefirst input dc source 110. Likewise, the second boost apparatus 106generates an output voltage −V₂ lower than the input voltage −V₁ fromthe second input dc source 120. In accordance with an embodiment, V₂ isapproximately equal to 2•V₁. A controller (not shown) may be employed togenerate gate drive signals in accordance with the operation principlesof five-level inverters. In particular, the controller controls theturn-on and turn-off of each switch (e.g., switch 122) so as to achievethe staircase waveform shown in FIG. 2A.

The staircase waveform shown in FIG. 2A can be further divided intothree portions, namely portions 212, 214 and 216. During the firstportion 212, the output voltage comprises a plurality of pulses switchesfrom 0V to V₁. When both the switch 132 and the switch 122 are turnedon, the output is coupled to V₁ directly so that the output generatesV₁. On the other hand, when the switch 132 is turned off, the firstfreewheeling switch 204 is turned on to conduct a freewheeling current.As a result, the output is coupled to ground. As such, the complementaryoperation of the switch 132 and the first freewheeling switch 204 formsthe pulses of the first portion 212 of the five-level PWM. It should benoted that during the first portion 212 of the five-level PWM, theswitch 112 is turned off so that the output is free from the higheroutput voltage V₂ of the first boost apparatus 102.

When the five-level inverter operates at the second portion 214 of thestaircase waveform shown in FIG. 2A, the output voltage Vo switches backand forth between V₁ and V₂. In particular, when the switch 112 isturned on, the output voltage V₀ is coupled to the output of the firstboost apparatus 102. Because V₂ is higher than V₁, the output voltagegenerates one more step having a voltage potential V₂. When the switch112 is turned off, the first freewheeling diode 202 is forward biased toform a freewheeling channel between the output V₀ and V₁. As a result,the output voltage stays at V₁ during the freewheeling period.

The third portion 216 and the first portion 212 are similar because theyare symmetrical about the 90° axis. In order to avoid unnecessaryrepetition, the detailed operation during the third portion 216 is notdescribed in further detail herein. It should be noted that theoperation of the second half cycle is similar to the first half cycleexcept that the switch 124 is always on and the switch 122 is always offduring the second half cycle. One advantageous feature of having amultilevel inverter such as a five-level inverter shown in FIG. 2A isthat the staircase waveform shown in FIG. 2A resembles a sinusoidalwaveform. Therefore, the five-level inverter 200 may generate an acwaveform with low distortion. The low distortion helps to achieve a lowTHD for the five-level inverter 200. Such a low THD helps to reduce thesize of the output filter 108.

FIG. 2B illustrates a block diagram of a five-level inverter system inaccordance with an embodiment. The timing diagram of FIG. 2B is similarto that of FIG. 2A except that the timing diagram of the second portion14 is different from the timing diagram of the second portion 214 shownin FIG. 2A. In particular, when the five-level inverter operates at thesecond portion 14 of the staircase waveform shown in FIG. 2B, the outputvoltage Vo switches back and forth between ground and V₂.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a five-level inverter system inaccordance with another embodiment. The system configuration of thefive-level inverter system 300 is similar to the five-level invertersystem 200 shown in FIG. 2A except that the switches 112 and 116 (notshown but illustrated in FIG. 2A) are removed. As a consequence, theoutputs of the first boost apparatus 102 and the second boost apparatus106 are coupled to the output of the inverter through switches 122 and124 respectively.

In order to prevent the first boost apparatus 102 from interfering withthe output of the five-level inverter 300, the first boost apparatus 102is turned off during the first portion 312. In addition, during thetransition from a higher voltage level (e.g., portion 314) to a lowervoltage level (e.g., portion 316), the first boost apparatus 102 isturned off first and the switch 132 may not be turned on until theoutput capacitor (not shown but illustrated in FIG. 6A) of the firstboost apparatus 102 is discharged to a level approximately equal to V₁.In comparison with the system configuration shown in FIG. 2A, anadvantageous feature of removing the switches 112 and 116 (shown in FIG.2A) is that the conduction losses of the switches 112 and 116 can besaved so that the total efficiency of the five-level inverter system 300is improved.

FIG. 4A illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 2A in accordance with an embodiment. The firstboost apparatus 102 is implemented by a first boost dc/dc converter 402.Likewise the second boost apparatus 106 is implemented by a second boostdc/dc converter 404. As shown in FIG. 4A, the first boost dc/dcconverter 402 is formed by an input inductor L1, a low side switch Q1, ablocking diode D1 and an output capacitor C3. A controller (not shown)may control the turn-on duty cycle of the low side switch Q1 so as toregulate the output voltage across the output capacitor C3. The detailedoperation principles of boost dc/dc converters are well known in theart, and hence are not discussed in further detail to avoid unnecessaryrepetition.

FIG. 4A further comprises a plurality of switches connected between theoutput V₀ of the five-level inverter 400 and the multilevel input dcsources. More particularly, switches Q6 and Q7 are controlled by a pairof control signals complementary to each other. During the first halfcycle of a period, switch Q6 is turned on and switch Q7 is turned off.As a result, the output of the boost dc/dc converter 402 as well as theoutput of the first dc source no may be connected to the output of thefive level inverter 400 by turning on switches Q5 and Q3 respectively.Likewise, switch Q7 is turned on during the second half cycle of aperiod. Switches Q4 and Q8 may be turned on and off to generate −V₁ and−V₂ respectively during the second half cycle.

Both switch Q3 and switch Q4 may be a dual-function device. When switchQ3 and switch Q4 are implemented by MOSFET devices, the body diodes ofswitches Q3 and Q4 can be used to provide a freewheeling channel. Itshould be noted that when switches Q3 and Q4 are implemented by IGBTdevices, a separate freewheeling diode is required to be connected inparallel with its corresponding switch. The operation of switches Q3 andQ4 will be described below with respect to FIG. 5A.

Switches Q9 and Q10 are connected in series to form an isolation switchbetween the output of five-level inverter and ground. More particularly,when the five-level inverter 400 operates in the second half cycle of aperiod, the isolation switch formed by Q9 and Q10 helps to isolate thenegative output voltage from the dc input ground. It should be notedthat the isolation switch formed by a back-to-back connected switch ismerely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of theclaims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives and modifications. For example, a bidirectionalisolation switch can be formed by a common emitter bidirectional switch.The common emitter bidirectional switch may comprise two diodes and twoIGBT devices. The diodes and IGBT devices are connected in ananti-parallel arrangement. Alternatively, the isolation switch may beimplemented by a common collector bidirectional switch. Furthermore, theisolation switch may be implemented by some new semiconductor switchessuch as anti-paralleled reverse blocking IGBTs arrangement.

FIG. 4B illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 2A in accordance with another embodiment. Theschematic diagram of FIG. 4B is similar to the schematic diagram of FIG.4A except that a single input power source is employed to provide powerfor the multilevel inverter system. In addition, two bypass diodes areemployed to facilitate the operation of the five-level inverter systemwhen the boost converters do not work. The detailed description of themultilevel inverter system has been discussed above with respect to FIG.4A, and hence is not discussed herein to avoid unnecessary repetition.

FIG. 5A illustrates a timing diagram of various signals in thefive-level inverter shown in FIG. 4A. V₀₁ is the voltage waveform at theoutput of the L-C filter shown in FIG. 4A. As shown in FIG. 5A, the L-Cfilter helps to filter the five-level PWM voltage V₀ to obtain asinusoidal waveform. During the time interval from t0 to t1, switch Q5is turned off. By switching on and off either switch Q3 or switch Q6, aPWM waveform can be generated at V₀. The freewheeling conduction channelformed by switch Q9 and switch Q10 provides a current path between V₀and the dc input ground. It should be noted the Q9 and Q10 are turned onduring the first half cycle and the second half cycle respectively.

During the time interval from t1 to t4, the five-level inverter 400(shown in FIG. 4A) switches back and forth between V₁ and V₂. As shownin FIG. 5A, switch Q6 is turned on during this time interval. Switch Q3is turned off and the freewheeling diode D3 is forward biased or reversebiased in a pattern complementary to switch Q5. In particular, whenswitch Q5 is turned on, the output of the five-level inverter 400 iscoupled to the output of the boost converter. On the other hand, whenswitch Q5 is off, the forward biased freewheeling diode D3 provides afreewheeling path between the output and the input dc source.

It should be noted that instead of using freewheeling diode D3, duringthe time interval from t1 to 54, switch Q3 can providing a freewheelingchannel by emulating diode operation. It should further be noted thatwhile FIG. 5A shows switch Q1 of the boost dc/dc converter 402 is turnedon and off in a pattern similar to that of switch Q5, the operation ofswitch Q1 is independent from other switches. One skilled in the artwill recognize that the timing diagram of the switch Q1 shown in FIG. 5Ais merely an example. In fact, a controller (not shown) may turn on andoff switch Q1 based upon the operation principles of boost dc/dcconverters. It is not necessary for switch Q1 to operate in phase withswitch Q5.

FIG. 5B illustrates another timing diagram of various signals in thefive-level inverter shown in FIG. 4A. The timing diagram of FIG. 5B issimilar to that of FIG. 5A except that the gate drive signals of Q5 andQ8 are different from their corresponding signals shown in FIG. 5A. Oneperson skilled in the art will recognize that the switching patternsshown in FIG. 5B may help to reduce the switching losses.

FIG. 6A illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment. The five-levelinverter 600 is similar to the five-level inverter 400 shown in FIG. 4Aexcept that the switches Q5 and Q8 (shown in FIG. 4A) are removed sothat the conduction losses of switches Q5 and Q8 can be further saved. Atrade-off of removing switches Q5 and Q8 is that the boost dc/dcconverter (e.g., the first boost dc/dc converter 402) must stopswitching when the five-level inverter 600 switches back and forthbetween 0V and V₁. In addition, during the transition from a boost mode(e.g., switching between V₁ and V₂) to an input dc source mode (e.g.,switching between 0V to V₁), the switch Q3 will not be turned on untilthe output capacitor C3 is discharged to a level approximately equal toV₁. Furthermore, during the boost mode (e.g., switching between V₁ andV₂), the freewheeling path is not between V₀ and V₁. Instead, thefreewheeling path is between V₀ and the input dc ground.

FIG. 6B illustrates a schematic diagram of the five-level invertersystem shown in FIG. 3 in accordance with another embodiment. Theschematic diagram of FIG. 6B is similar to the schematic diagram of FIG.6A except that a single input power source is employed to provide powerfor the multilevel inverter system. In addition, two bypass diodes areemployed to facilitate the operation of the five-level inverter systemwhen the boost converters do not work. The detailed description of themultilevel inverter system has been discussed above with respect to FIG.6A, and hence is not discussed herein to avoid unnecessary repetition.

FIG. 7 illustrates a timing diagram of various signals in the five-levelinverter shown in FIG. 6A. FIG. 7 is quite similar to FIG. 5A exceptthat during the boost mode (e.g., switching between V₁ and V₂), thefreewheeling path is provided by switches Q9 and Q10 (shown in FIG. 6A).In addition, the switch Q3 is off during the boost mode (time intervalfrom t1 to t4). An advantageous feature of having the systemconfiguration shown in FIG. 7 is the conduction losses as well as theefficiency of the five-level inverter 600 can be improved by reducingthe total number of switches in the five-level inverter 600.

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level rectifier inaccordance with an embodiment. The five-level rectifier 800 is similarto the Vienna rectifier except that it is a five-level topology ratherthan a three level topology employed by the Vienna rectifier. The Viennarectifier is well known in the art, and hence is not discussed infurther detail herein. The five-level rectifier 800 shown in FIG. 8includes two boost converters and two buck converter. The first boostconverter is formed by the inductor L1, diode D5 and an isolation switchformed by Q1 and Q2 connected in series. During the first half cycle,the first boost converter generates a high bus voltage across thecapacitor C3. The first buck converter is formed by diode D6 and switchQ3. The first buck converter generates a low bus voltage across thecapacitor C1. Likewise, during a second half cycle, the second boostconverter and the second buck converter generate two voltage potentialsacross capacitor C4 and capacitor C2 respectively.

For simplicity, only the first half cycle's operation is described belowto illustrate the operation of the five-level rectifier 800. During aboost mode, the isolated switch formed by switches Q1 and Q2 is turnedon. As a result, the energy from the input source V₁ is stored in theinput inductor L1. After the isolation switch is turned off. The inputinductor L1 is discharged through two separate paths. Through a firstpath formed by diode D5 and C3, the inductor L1 charges the capacitor C3to a higher voltage. Likewise, through a second path formed by D6, Q3and C1, the inductor L1 charges the capacitor C1 and achieves aregulated and adjustable voltage across the capacitor C1 by adjustingthe conduction time of the switch Q3. It should be noted that the seconddischarge path is common referred to as a buck mode of the five-levelrectifier 800. It should further be noted that the buck mode operationoccurs when the input inductor L1 operates in a discharge mode.

In accordance with an embodiment, the voltage across the capacitor C2 isgreater than the voltage across the capacitor C1. As such, there may betwo voltage levels generated by the five-level rectifier 800 during thefirst half cycle. Likewise, during the second half cycle, the input acsource Vi generates voltages across the capacitors C2 and C4respectively. As such, the output of the five-level rectifier 800 maygenerate four independent voltage sources. One advantageous feature ofhaving a five-level rectifier is that the voltage stresses of thefive-level rectifier are reduced and the THD of the five-level rectifieris lower compared to a three-level rectifier. As a result, thefive-level rectifier can achieve an efficient ac/dc conversion.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an uninterruptible power supply(UPS) system in accordance with an embodiment. A high efficient UPSsystem 900 may be formed by connecting a five-level rectifier Boo and afive-level inverter 400 in cascade. The five-level rectifier 800 firstconverts the input ac source into four intermediate dc voltages. Theintermediate dc voltages are further converted into an ac voltage by thefive-level inverter 400 and the output filter 108. The detailedoperation of the UPS system 900 will be discussed below with respect toFIG. 10. One advantageous feature of the UPS system 900 is that the UPSsystem 900 incorporates the advantages of the five-level rectifier 800and the five-level inverter 400. As a result, the UPS system 900 candeliver a high performance ac output with a relatively small solationsize.

FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic diagram of the UPS system shown in FIG.9 in accordance with an embodiment. A high efficient UPS system 900 maycomprise a five-level rectifier 800 and a five-level inverter 400connected in cascade. As shown in FIG. 10, the five-level rectifier 800first converts the input ac source into four different voltages, namelyV₂, V₁, −V₁ and −V₂. The five-level inverter 400 is able to generate astaircase waveform by connecting the output Vo with different voltages(e.g., V₂) through different combinations of the switches Q5, Q6, Q7,Q8, Q11 and Q12. It should be noted that both the five-level rectifier800 shown in FIG. 8 and the five-level inverter 400 shown in FIG. 4Arequire two boost stages to generate a higher voltage (e.g., V₂ and−V₂). As shown in FIG. 10, when the five-level rectifier 800 and thefive-level inverter 400 are connected in cascade, the four boost stagesrequired by the five-level rectifier 800 and the five-level inverter 400can be merged into two boost stages located in the five-level rectifier800. As a result, the UPS system 900 can achieve a relatively smallsolation size.

FIG. 11A illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter. Each phase of the three-phase multilevel inverter may employan n-level inverter (e.g., a five-level inverter 400 shown in FIG. 4).As shown in FIG. 11A, each phase of the three-phase inverter shares acommon positive dc input, a common negative dc input and ground.Additional voltage levels may be generated by using additional boostapparatuses, which convert dc inputs into higher voltage levels. Assuch, the three-phase inverter shown in FIG. 11A may have an n-level(e.g., five-level) output phase voltage. In addition, the three-phaseinverter may have a (2n−1)-level (e.g., nine-level) output line-to-linevoltage.

FIG. 11B illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with an embodiment. InFIG. 11B, the three-phase multilevel inverter is coupled to a power gridthrough a filter. The three-phase multilevel inverter of FIG. 11B issimilar to the three-phase multilevel inverter shown in FIG. 11 exceptthat the input power source is a single power source. The detailedstructure and operation of the three-phase multilevel inverter has beendescribed above with respect to FIG. 11A, and hence is not discussedherein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 11C illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with another embodiment.The three-phase multilevel inverter of FIG. 11C is similar to thethree-phase multilevel inverter shown in FIG. 11B except that theneutral point of the power grid is connected to the junction point oftwo input capacitors. The detailed structure and operation of thethree-phase multilevel inverter has been described above with respect toFIG. 11A, and hence is not discussed herein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 11D illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with another embodiment.The three-phase multilevel inverter of FIG. 11D is similar to thethree-phase multilevel inverter shown in FIG. 11B except that theneutral point of the output filter is connected to the junction point oftwo input capacitors. The detailed structure and operation of thethree-phase multilevel inverter has been described above with respect toFIG. 11A, and hence is not discussed herein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 11E illustrates a block diagram of a three-phase multilevelinverter having an output filter in accordance with another embodiment.The three-phase multilevel inverter of FIG. 11E is similar to thethree-phase multilevel inverter shown in FIG. 11B except that both theneutral point of the output filter and the neutral point of the powergrid are connected to the junction point of two input capacitors. Thedetailed structure and operation of the three-phase multilevel inverterhas been described above with respect to FIG. 11A, and hence is notdiscussed herein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 11F illustrates a schematic diagram of the output filter shown inFIG. 11B in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 11F, theoutput filter is a three phase output filter. In accordance with anembodiment, the output filter may comprise one group of outputinductors. Alternatively, the output filter may comprise a second groupof output inductors. More particularly, the second group of outputinductors and the first group of output inductors are connected incascade.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The schematic diagram of thefive-level inverter 1200 in FIG. 12 is similar to that of the five-levelinverter 400 in FIG. 4A except that a single boost dc/dc converter isemployed to generate a five-level input voltage source. As shown in FIG.12, the single boost converter is formed by an input inductor L1, a lowside switch Q1 and a diode D1. The first voltage level is at thepositive terminal of the capacitor C3. The second voltage level is atthe joint point between the capacitor C3 and the capacitor C6. The thirdvoltage level is at the joint point between the capacitor C6 and thecapacitor C7. The fourth voltage level is at the joint point between thecapacitor C7 and the capacitor C4. The fifth voltage level is at thenegative terminal of the capacitor C4. One person skilled in the artwill understand the operation of the five-level inverter 1200 based uponthe description with respect to FIG. 4A. Therefore, the detailedoperation of the five-level inverter 1200 is not discussed herein. Itshould be noted that FIG. 12 further comprises a bypass diode, whichprovides power when the boost converter does not work.

FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The schematic diagram of thefive-level inverter 1300 in FIG. 13 is similar to that of the five-levelinverter 400 in FIG. 4A except that a single input dc voltage source V₁is employed to generate a five-level input voltage source. One personskilled in the art will understand the operation of the five-levelinverter 1300 based upon the description with respect to FIG. 4A.Therefore, the detailed operation of the five-level inverter 1300 is notdiscussed herein to avoid unnecessary repetition. It should be notedthat FIG. 13 further comprises two bypass diodes, which provides powerwhen the boost converters do not work.

FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The schematic diagram of thefive-level inverter 1400 in FIG. 14 is similar to that of the five-levelinverter 400 in FIG. 4 except that two additional diodes D7 and D8 areemployed to improve the efficiency of the five-level inverter 1400 whenthe input dc sources have a high voltage. More particularly, when theinput voltage source (e.g., V₁) is higher than a predeterminedthreshold, the input boost dc/dc converter may be turned off. The energyfrom the input dc source is transferred to the output of the five-levelinverter 1400 through switches Q5 and Q6. In addition, the switch Q3 maybe configured such that the power flow path formed by D7 and Q5 isconnected in parallel with the power flow path formed by Q3. Such aparallel connection helps to reduce the conduction losses.

FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The schematic diagram of thefive-level inverter 1500 in FIG. 15 is similar to that of the five-levelinverter 400 in FIG. 4A except that an IGBT device is used to replace aMOSFET shown in FIG. 4A. In particular, the combination of an IGBTdevice and a blocking diode are used to replace a MOSFET (e.g., Q3). Oneperson skilled in the art will recognize that IGBT devices arevulnerable to a negative voltage. The block diode (e.g., D3) in seriesconnection with the IGBT device (e.g., Q3) helps to prevent a negativevoltage from damaging the IGBT device. It should be noted that FIG. 15further comprises two bypass diodes, which provides power when the boostconverters do not work.

FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic diagram of an N-level inverter inaccordance with an embodiment. The schematic diagram of the N-levelinverter 1600 in FIG. 16 is similar to that of the five-level inverter1200 in FIG. 12 except that a single input dc voltage source V₁ isemployed to generate an N-level input voltage source. The operation ofthe N-level inverter 1600 is similar to the five-level inverter 1200,and hence is not discussed in further detail herein to avoid unnecessaryrepetition. It should be noted that FIG. 16 further comprises a bypassdiode, which provides power when the boost converter does not work.

FIG. 17 illustrates a schematic diagram of a nine-level inverter inaccordance with an embodiment. The schematic diagram of the nine-levelinverter 1700 in FIG. 17 is similar to that of the five-level inverter1300 in FIG. 13 except that additional capacitors are employed togenerate a nine-level input voltage source. The operation of thenine-level inverter 1700 is similar to the five-level inverter 1700, andhence is not discussed in further detail herein to avoid unnecessaryrepetition. It should be noted that while FIG. 17 illustrates anine-level inverter, the inverter shown in FIG. 17 can be extended to anN-level inverter by adding additional capacitors. It should be notedthat FIG. 17 further comprises two bypass diodes, which provides powerwhen the boost converters do not work.

FIG. 18 illustrates a schematic diagram of a seven-level inverter inaccordance with an embodiment. The schematic diagram of the seven-levelinverter 1800 in FIG. 18 is similar to that of the five-level inverter1300 in FIG. 13 except that additional boost converters are employed togenerate a seven-level input voltage source. More particularly, two moreboost converters are employed to generate a seven-level input voltagesource. It should be noted that while FIG. 18 illustrates a seven-levelinverter, the inverter shown in FIG. 18 can be extended to an N-levelinverter by adding additional boost converters. It should be noted thatFIG. 18 further comprises four bypass diodes, which provides power whenthe boost converters do not work.

FIG. 19 illustrates a schematic diagram of a five-level inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The schematic diagram of thefive-level inverter 1900 in FIG. 19 is similar to that of the five-levelinverter 400 in FIG. 4A except that the connection of input capacitors(e.g., C1, C2, C3 and C4) has been modified. As shown in FIG. 19, thecapacitor C1 and the capacitor C3 are connected in series. Likewise, thecapacitor C2 and the capacitor C4 are connected in series. It should benoted that FIG. 19 further comprises two bypass diodes, which providespower when the boost converters do not work.

FIG. 20A illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with an embodiment. The operation of the multilevel inverterof FIG. 20A is similar to the operation of the multilevel inverter ofFIG. 4B during an active power process, and hence is not discussed infurther detail.

FIG. 20B illustrates a timing diagram of the multilevel inverter shownin FIG. 20A when the multilevel inverter operates in a reactive powerprocess. Referring back to FIG. 20A, in a reactive power process, Q9 andQ10 become the main switches of the multilevel inverter. Q10's operationis described below for explaining the operation of the multilevelinverter. When Q10 is turned on, the power flows from Vac to the outputchoke, and then to ground through Q10. On the other hand, during thefreewheeling period of Q10, when Q10 is turned off, the power flows fromVac to the output choke, and then to ground through D1 and the uppercapacitor. Q9's operation is similar to Q10's operation, and hence isnot discussed herein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 21 illustrates a plurality of output choke implementations. Asshown in FIG. 21, the output choke can be implemented by a coupledinductor. Alternatively, the output choke can be implemented by multipleinductors connected in series. The choke implementations shown in FIG.21 are known in the art, and hence are not discussed in further detailherein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 22 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The schematic diagram of FIG. 22 issimilar to the schematic diagram of FIG. 20A except that the diodesconnected in series with Q9 and Q10 respectively in FIG. 20A arereplaced by two switches. In addition, the function of the diode D1 ofQ20A is replaced by the body diode of Q5.

FIG. 23 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The operation of the multilevelinverter of FIG. 23 is similar to the operation of the multilevelinverter of FIG. 4B during an active power process, and hence is notdiscussed in further detail. In a reactive power process, when Q7 isturned on, the power flows from ground to the diode directly coupled toQ7, and then to the output choke through Q. Q8's operation is similar toQ7's operation, and hence is not discussed herein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 24 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The operation of the multilevelinverter of FIG. 24 is similar to the operation of the multilevelinverter of FIG. 23 except that the freewheeling path of FIG. 24 isslightly different from that of FIG. 23. During a freewheeling process,the power flows from ground to the output choke through a conductivepath formed by Q1 and D1.

FIG. 25 illustrates a schematic diagram of a multilevel inverter inaccordance with another embodiment. The operation of the multilevelinverter of FIG. 25 is similar to the operation of the multilevelinverter of FIG. 22 except that the freewheeling path of FIG. 25 isslightly different from that of FIG. 22. During a freewheeling process,the power flows from ground to the output choke through a conductivepath formed by Q5 and the body diode of Q1.

FIG. 26A, FIG. 26B and FIG. 26C illustrate a schematic diagram of athree phase multilevel inverter in accordance with an embodiment. Thedetailed circuit diagrams of phase A, B and C are illustrated in FIG.26A, FIG. 26B and FIG. 26C respectively. The multilevel inverter of eachphase is of a structure similar to that shown in FIG. 20A, and hence isnot discussed again to avoid repetition.

Although embodiments of the present invention and its advantages havebeen described in detail, it should be understood that various changes,substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to belimited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine,manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps describedin the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readilyappreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes,machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps,presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantiallythe same function or achieve substantially the same result as thecorresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according tothe present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended toinclude within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture,compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a five-level rectifierconfigured to be connected with an alternating current (ac) powersource, wherein the five-level rectifier comprises a first boostapparatus and a first buck apparatus configured to operate in a firsthalf cycle of the ac power source, and a second boost apparatus and asecond buck apparatus configured to operate in a second half cycle ofthe ac power source; and a five-level inverter connected to thefive-level rectifier.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first boostapparatus comprises an inductor connected to the ac power source, anisolation switch and a first diode; the first buck apparatus comprises afirst switch and a second diode connected in series between the inductorand a first output capacitor; the second boost apparatus comprises theinductor, the isolation switch and a third diode; and the second buckapparatus comprises a second switch and a fourth diode connected inseries between the inductor and a second output capacitor.
 3. The systemof claim 2, wherein: the isolation switch comprises a first transistorand a second transistor connected in series in a back-to-backconnection.
 4. The system of claim 2, wherein: the isolation switchcomprises a first transistor and a second transistor connected inseries, and wherein a source of the first transistor is connected to asource of the second transistor.
 5. The system of claim 2, wherein: theinductor is connected to a common node of the isolation switch and thefirst diode; and the first diode is connected to a third outputcapacitor, and wherein a voltage across the third output capacitor ishigher than a voltage across the first output capacitor.
 6. The systemof claim 2, wherein: a cathode of the second diode is directly connectedto a drain of the first switch.
 7. The system of claim 2, wherein: theinductor is connected to a common node of the isolation switch and thethird diode; and the third diode is connected to a fourth outputcapacitor, and wherein an absolute value of a voltage across the fourthoutput capacitor is greater than an absolute value of a voltage acrossthe second output capacitor.
 8. The system of claim 2, wherein: an anodeof the fourth diode is directly connected to a source of the secondswitch.
 9. The system of claim 2, wherein: a voltage across the firstoutput capacitor is configured to be adjustable by controlling a turn-ontime of the first switch; and a voltage across the second outputcapacitor is configured to be adjustable by controlling a turn-on timeof the second switch.
 10. The system of claim 2, wherein: a common nodeof the first output capacitor and the second output capacitor isconnected to ground.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the five-levelinverter comprises: a first inverter switch and a second inverter switchconnected in series between an output of the first boost apparatus andan input of an inductor-current (L-C) filter; a third inverter switchand a fourth inverter switch connected in series between an output ofthe second boost apparatus and the input of the L-C filter; a fifthinverter switch connected between an output of the first buck apparatus,and a common node of the first inverter switch and the second inverterswitch; a sixth inverter switch connected between an output of thesecond buck apparatus, and a common node of the third inverter switchand the fourth inverter switch; and an inverter isolation switchconnected between the input of the L-C filter and ground.
 12. A systemcomprising: a five-level rectifier comprising: a first buck apparatusbetween an ac power source and a first output capacitor; a second buckapparatus between the ac power source and a second output capacitor; afirst boost apparatus between the ac power source and a third outputcapacitor; and a second boost apparatus between the ac power source anda fourth output capacitor; and a five-level inverter connected to thefive-level rectifier, wherein the five-level inverter comprises: a firstinverter switch and a second inverter switch connected in series betweenthe third output capacitor and an input of an L-C filter; a thirdinverter switch and a fourth inverter switch connected in series betweenthe fourth output capacitor and the input of the L-C filter; a fifthinverter switch connected between the first output capacitor, and acommon node of the first inverter switch and the second inverter switch;a sixth inverter switch connected between the second output capacitor,and a common node of the third inverter switch and the fourth inverterswitch; and an inverter isolation switch connected between the input ofthe L-C filter and ground.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein: thefirst boost apparatus comprises an inductor connected to the ac powersource, an isolation switch and a first diode, and wherein the inductoris connected to a common node of the first diode and the isolationswitch; the first buck apparatus comprises a first switch and a seconddiode connected in series between the inductor and the first outputcapacitor, wherein a cathode of the second diode is connected to a drainof the first switch; the second boost apparatus comprises the inductor,the isolation switch and a third diode, and wherein the inductor isconnected to a common node of the third diode and the isolation switch;and the second buck apparatus comprises a second switch and a fourthdiode connected in series between the inductor and the second outputcapacitor, wherein an anode of the fourth diode is connected to a sourceof the second switch.
 14. A method comprising: configuring a powersystem to convert a sinusoidal waveform into a five-level voltagewaveform, wherein the power system comprises a five-level rectifier anda five-level inverter and an L-C filter connected in cascade; during afirst half cycle of the sinusoidal waveform, generating a first voltageby a first buck apparatus of the five-level rectifier and a secondvoltage by a first boost apparatus of the five-level rectifier; during asecond half cycle of the sinusoidal waveform, generating a third voltageby a second buck apparatus of the five-level rectifier and a fourthvoltage by a second boost apparatus of the five-level rectifier; duringa first time period of the first half cycle, switching a voltage at aninput of the L-C filter back and forth between the first voltage andground; during a second time period of the first half cycle, switchingthe voltage at the input of the L-C filter back and forth between thesecond voltage and ground; and during a third time period of the firsthalf cycle, switching the voltage at the input of the L-C filter backand forth between the first voltage and ground, wherein the first timeperiod, the second time period and the third time period form the firsthalf cycle.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the second voltage ishigher than the first voltage; and an absolute value of the fourthvoltage is greater than an absolute value of the third voltage.
 16. Themethod of claim 14, further comprising: during a first time period ofthe second half cycle, switching the voltage at the input of the L-Cfilter back and forth between the third voltage and ground; during asecond time period of the second half cycle, switching the voltage atthe input of the L-C filter back and forth between the fourth voltageand ground; and during a third time period of the second half cycle,switching the voltage at the input of the L-C filter back and forthbetween the third voltage and ground.
 17. The method of claim 16,further comprising: during the second time period of the second halfcycle, switching the voltage at the input of the L-C filter back andforth between the fourth voltage and ground in at least two consecutiveswitching pulses.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein: the second timeperiod is between the first time period and the third time period. 19.The method of claim 14, further comprising: during the second timeperiod of the first half cycle, switching the voltage at the input ofthe L-C filter back and forth between the second voltage and ground inat least two consecutive switching pulses.
 20. The method of claim 14,wherein: the first boost apparatus comprises an inductor connected to anac power source generating the sinusoidal waveform, an isolation switchand a first diode, and wherein the inductor is connected to a commonnode of the first diode and the isolation switch; the first buckapparatus comprises a first switch and a second diode connected inseries between the inductor and a first output capacitor, wherein acathode of the second diode is connected to a drain of the first switch,and the first voltage is a voltage across the first output capacitor;the second boost apparatus comprises the inductor, the isolation switchand a third diode, and wherein the inductor is connected to a commonnode of the third diode and the isolation switch; the second buckapparatus comprises a second switch and a fourth diode connected inseries between the inductor and a second output capacitor, wherein ananode of the fourth diode is connected to a source of the second switch,and the third voltage is a voltage across the second output capacitor;and the five-level inverter comprises: a first inverter switch and asecond inverter switch connected in series between an output of thefirst boost apparatus and the input of the L-C filter; a third inverterswitch and a fourth inverter switch connected in series between anoutput of the second boost apparatus and the input of the L-C filter; afifth inverter switch connected between an output of the first buckapparatus, and a common node of the first inverter switch and the secondinverter switch; a sixth inverter switch connected between an output ofthe second buck apparatus, and a common node of the third inverterswitch and the fourth inverter switch; and an inverter isolation switchconnected between the input of the L-C filter and ground.